{"id":27503,"date":"2023-01-04T07:55:38","date_gmt":"2023-01-04T07:55:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mailinvest.blog\/index.php\/2023\/01\/04\/successful-evidence-suppression-motion-shows-cops-think-pretty-much-everything-is-suspicious\/"},"modified":"2023-01-04T07:55:38","modified_gmt":"2023-01-04T07:55:38","slug":"successful-evidence-suppression-motion-shows-cops-think-pretty-much-everything-is-suspicious","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mailinvest.blog\/index.php\/2023\/01\/04\/successful-evidence-suppression-motion-shows-cops-think-pretty-much-everything-is-suspicious\/","title":{"rendered":"Successful Evidence Suppression Motion Shows Cops Think Pretty Much Everything Is \u2018Suspicious\u2019"},"content":{"rendered":"<p> <a href=\"https:\/\/go.fiverr.com\/visit\/?bta=1052423&nci=17043\" Target=\"_Top\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" border=\"0\" src=\"https:\/\/mailinvest.blog\/wp-content\/themes\/breek\/assets\/images\/transparent.gif\" data-lazy=\"true\" data-src=\"https:\/\/fiverr.ck-cdn.com\/tn\/serve\/?cid=40081059\"  width=\"601\" height=\"201\"><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div>\n<h3>from the <i>being-human-is-reasonably-suspicious<\/i> dept<\/h3>\n<p>Law enforcement officers really enjoy performing warrantless searches. To get to that point, however, they need to be in certain places (airports, roadsides) and have one certain thing: \u201creasonable suspicion.\u201d But what seems \u201creasonable\u201d to someone like you or me is nowhere near what seems \u201creasonable\u201d to a law enforcement officer.<\/p>\n<p>For instance, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.techdirt.com\/2014\/10\/27\/guidelines-who-might-be-suspicious-too-nervous-too-calm-blending-standing-out-its-all-suspcious\/\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.techdirt.com\/2014\/10\/27\/guidelines-who-might-be-suspicious-too-nervous-too-calm-blending-standing-out-its-all-suspcious\/\">behold the many contradictions<\/a> contained in the list law enforcement and the TSA use to determine which passengers are \u201csuspicious:\u201d<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Being the first person off a plane<\/li>\n<li>Being the last person off a plane<\/li>\n<li>Someone authorities believe has tried to blend in to the middle of exiting passengers<\/li>\n<li>Booking a nonstop flight<\/li>\n<li>Booking a flight with a layover<\/li>\n<li>Traveling alone<\/li>\n<li>Traveling with a companion<\/li>\n<li>People who appear nervous<\/li>\n<li>People who appear \u201ctoo calm\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Add to that the list of things law enforcement has claimed (successfully or otherwise) is suspicious behavior: <\/p>\n<p>Those are only a small sampling of the many, many things cops have called \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.techdirt.com\/search\/?num=20&amp;q=reasonable+suspicion&amp;search=Search\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.techdirt.com\/search\/?num=20&amp;q=reasonable+suspicion&amp;search=Search\">reasonably suspicious<\/a>.\u201d Thanks to recent decision finding in favor of a criminal defendant, we have another list to add to these lists of \u201creasonably suspicious\u201d behavior. <\/p>\n<p>In December 2021, Michael Contreras was pulled over by Virginia State Trooper Joseph Miller. One thing led to another as pretextual stops often do. It culminated in a warrantless search of the car, during which 17 kilos of cocaine were discovered. But to get to that point, the trooper had to ask a lot of questions unrelated to the stop, delay it long enough to get a drug dog to the scene (the dog did not alert, by the way) and finally use a handy checklist to decide things were reasonably suspicious enough to engage in a warrantless search. <\/p>\n<p>And here\u2019s where it gets really ridiculous. The checklist used by Trooper Joseph Miller was admitted into evidence. Here it is in all of its glory, as presented in the federal court <a href=\"https:\/\/s3.documentcloud.org\/documents\/23552058\/suspicious-wtf.pdf\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/s3.documentcloud.org\/documents\/23552058\/suspicious-wtf.pdf\">decision<\/a> [PDF]: <\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"625\" height=\"187\" src=\"https:\/\/mailinvest.blog\/wp-content\/themes\/breek\/assets\/images\/transparent.gif\" data-lazy=\"true\" data-src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techdirt.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Screenshot-2022-12-24-7.50.36-PM.png?resize=625%2C187&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-387058\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techdirt.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Screenshot-2022-12-24-7.50.36-PM.png?w=625&amp;ssl=1 625w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techdirt.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Screenshot-2022-12-24-7.50.36-PM.png?resize=300%2C90&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techdirt.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Screenshot-2022-12-24-7.50.36-PM.png?resize=600%2C180&amp;ssl=1 600w\" data-sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 625px) 100vw, 625px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p>If you can\u2019t see the image (or read the fine print), you\u2019re in luck! Criminal defense lawyer John Wesley Hall <a href=\"http:\/\/fourthamendment.com\/?p=53883\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"http:\/\/fourthamendment.com\/?p=53883\">has typed up the full list for his post on this decision<\/a> at his website, FourthAmendment.com.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p><em><strong>INDICATORS<\/strong><br \/>\u2610 Abnormal Sweating<br \/>\u2610 Air Fresheners (Multiple)<br \/>\u2610 Anomalies (Explain)<br \/>\u2610 Anxiety<br \/>\u2610 Arm\/Hand Gestures<br \/>\u2610 Attire (Inappropriate)<br \/>\u2610 Audible\/Deep Sighs<br \/>\u2612 Avoidance<br \/>\u2610 Bite\/Chew\/Lick Lips<br \/>\u2612 Body Posture (Explain)<br \/>\u2610 Chain Smoking<br \/>\u2612 Conflicting Stories<br \/>\u2612 Cost Effective<br \/>\u2610 Currency<br \/>\u2610 Deliberate Speech<br \/>\u2610 Difficulty Swallowing<br \/>\u2610 Disassociate from Vehicle<br \/>\u2612 Disclaimers (FOP, Etc)<br \/>\u2612 Evasiveness<br \/>\u2612 Excessive Nervousness<br \/>\u2610 Eye Contact<br \/>\u2610 Facial Expressions<br \/>\u2610 Fake Smile\/laughter<br \/>\u2612 Fast Food\/Snacks Excessive<br \/>\u2612 Fatigued<br \/>\u2612 Feigned Memory Loss<br \/>\u2610 Hand\u00a0Written Directions<br \/>\u2610 Heavy \/ Holding Breath<br \/>\u2610 Hesitation (Itinerary, Etc.)<br \/>\u2610 High Mileage<br \/>\u2610 Implausible Itinerary<br \/>\u2610 Single Key<br \/>\u2612 Luggage (Disproportionate)<br \/>\u2610 Map\/GPS<br \/>\u2612 Multiple Cell Phones<br \/>\u2610 New Paint<br \/>\u2612 Obvious Shaking<br \/>\u2612 Older Car Recently Registered<br \/>\u2612 Overtly Cooperative<br \/>\u2610 Owner Not Present<br \/>\u2610 Pulsating Artery<br \/>\u2612 Quick Turn Around in Travel<br \/>\u2610 Rental Vehicle<br \/>\u2610 Rigid\/Frozen<br \/>\u2610 Skips Around Abruptly<br \/>\u2612 Source city\/state<br \/>\u2610 Uses qualifiers<br \/>\u2610 Voice Inflection\/Tone<br \/>\u2610 Weapons<br \/>\u2610 Yawns Continuously<br \/>\u2610 BLOC\/CCH\/EPIC\/NADDI5<br \/>\u2610 Other (Note in Narrative)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>A whole bunch of regular human behavior being classified as indicators of suspicion. \u201cHigh mileage\u201d and \u201colder car recently registered\u201d turn plenty of legit used car purchases into blank checks for warrantless searches. Just an insane list. \u201cArm\/hand gestures.\u201d \u201cCurrency.\u201d \u201cMap\/GPS\u201d is somehow suspicious. But so is \u201chand written directions.\u201d I guess every driver is just supposed to know exactly where their destination is at all times.<\/p>\n<p>The court doesn\u2019t think much of this list. It points out a bunch of these so-called \u201cindicators\u201d of suspicion have previously been rejected by precedential decisions. (The 4th Circuit Appeals Court\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/law.justia.com\/cases\/federal\/appellate-courts\/ca4\/16-4848\/16-4848-2018-03-01.html\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/law.justia.com\/cases\/federal\/appellate-courts\/ca4\/16-4848\/16-4848-2018-03-01.html\"><em>Bowman<\/em> decision<\/a> is specifically cited.) <\/p>\n<p>As the court points out, Trooper Miller freely admits he illegally extended the stop in violation of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.techdirt.com\/2015\/04\/22\/supreme-court-rules-that-traffic-stop-ends-when-objective-is-complete-rather-than-whenever-officer-feels-it-is\/\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.techdirt.com\/2015\/04\/22\/supreme-court-rules-that-traffic-stop-ends-when-objective-is-complete-rather-than-whenever-officer-feels-it-is\/\">Supreme Court\u2019s <em>Rodriguez<\/em> ruling<\/a>. (Emphasis in the original.)<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p><em>Trooper Miller\u2019s traffic infraction investigation was not in any way prolonged to investigate suspicion of criminal activity unrelated to the traffic stop <strong>until<\/strong> the point in time when Trooper Miller told Alvarado that it was: <\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><strong>[N]ow you\u2019re gonna be sitting here a little bit longer than what you probably need to be<\/strong>, okay, because a narcotic K9 is going to come and run around the pickup, alright .<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>The only way to salvage this Fourth Amendment violation was to have observed enough suspicious behavior to justify the extension of the stop. Here\u2019s what the government claimed justified this incursion on Contreras\u2019 rights:<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p><em>In its supplemental brief filed after the hearing, the government clarified its position that seven factors, taken together, gave rise to reasonable suspicion that criminal activity\u2014 specifically drug trafficking was afoot: (1) the presence of the vacuum-sealer packaging material; (2) Contreras\u2019s and Alvarado\u2019s nervousness; (3) items in the truck indicating that they had traveled a long distance without breaks; (4) Contreras\u2019s and Alvarado\u2019s perceived suspicious and inconsistent accounts of recent travel; (5) the high mileage on the truck\u2019s odometer; (6) the fact that the couple had traveled to Houston, a \u201csource location\u201d for illegal drugs; and (7) the presence of a \u201cThin Blue Line\u201d decal on the rear window<\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>The court notes the \u201cvacuum-sealer packaging\u201d could not be part of the reasonable suspicion matrix because it was not discovered until <em>after<\/em> the search of the truck had commenced. It points to the ridiculous checklist above and the attached narrative from the trooper as indicative of the officer trying to work his way from his illegal search back into the good graces of the Fourth Amendment. <\/p>\n<p>The trooper only noted the vacuum sealer at the end of the traffic stop narrative where he listed everything else he had discovered. He never mentioned the sealer to the other officers who arrived at the scene <em>prior<\/em> to the search. Considering its after-the-fact appearance in the officer\u2019s narrative, the court says this suspected contraband cannot be used as part of the reasonable suspicion matrix. <\/p>\n<p>The rest of the matrix is garbage, too.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p><em>Here, as in <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Bowman<\/span> and <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">DiGiovanni<\/span>, the video does not reveal Alvarado\u2019s level of nervousness to be greater than can be expected of a young person in otherwise similar circumstances, and her nervousness does not appear to increase (as the driver\u2019s did in <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Mason<\/span>). And the avoidance of eye contact or staring straight ahead is also not persuasive in and of itself since it can be \u201cjust as likely to be a show of respect and an attempt to avoid confrontation,\u201d and in other cases the government has argued \u201cjust the reverse: that it is suspicious when an individual looks or stares back at officers.<\/em>\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>The court dispenses of these claims as well, singling out the trooper\u2019s asinine checklist.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p><em>There was also no testimony from Trooper Miller about Interstate 81 being a known route for drug traffickers and, as explained below, Contreras\u2019s and Alvarado\u2019s travel stories were not entirely inconsistent. Regarding the government\u2019s supplemental argument that this was indicative of a \u201cturnaround trip,\u201d Contreras told Trooper Miller that the couple had been in Austin visiting family, and that they had been there for a week (see ROI at 2; Video 8:58\u20139:09). There is no indication that Trooper Miller factored the drive time and distance into his determination that their travel stories were inconsistent. <\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>[\u2026]<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Although Trooper Miller checked the \u201cQuick Turnaround in Travel\u201d box on his Contact Report Form B, the court is not persuaded by this tick mark for two reasons. First, not all the boxes on Form B were properly checked. For example, the \u201colder car recently registered\u201d box was erroneously checked. Second, Trooper Miller did not check all the boxes that he arguably could have<\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>As for the \u201csource city\u201d bullshit the government hastily added at the last minute, the court has this to say about <a href=\"https:\/\/www.techdirt.com\/2015\/10\/30\/law-enforcement-traveling-anywhere-to-anywhere-is-suspicious-behavior\/\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.techdirt.com\/2015\/10\/30\/law-enforcement-traveling-anywhere-to-anywhere-is-suspicious-behavior\/\">turning all interstate travel<\/a> into possible drug trafficking:<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p><em>Trooper Miller also testified that Houston is a \u201csource location\u201d for narcotics and criminal activity, without providing a specific basis for that belief. Whatever the basis of Trooper Miller\u2019s belief presumably his training and experience\u2014the court simply cannot accept this statement at face value. Today, most major metropolitan areas of the United States are source cities for illegal drugs. Houston is no more deserving of this appellation than any other large city, and interstate travel from Houston or Austin is no more indicative of drug trafficking than travel from Los Angeles, New York, Miami, Atlanta, Chicago, Denver, or Detroit<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>Wrapping things up, the court discusses the supposedly suspicious \u201cThin Blue Line\u201d decal \u2014 one sported by plenty of officers\u2019 personal vehicles as well as by those who family members are officers or otherwise have decided to cast their lot with the people that, um, apparently find these decals \u201csuspicious.\u201d<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p><em>Finally, the government argues that the presence of a pro-police decal on the truck\u2019s back window was suspicious. Although Trooper Miller testified that drug traffickers also use military stickers or religious memorabilia as \u201cdisclaimers,\u201d the court is not convinced. If the truck had a \u201cLegalize It\u201d sticker, would that have been an indicator as well? Just as with the eye-contact-as-nervousness indicator, the government cannot have a factor cut in its favor any way it is sliced. The court gives the presence of the decal no weight on its own. It is \u201centirely consistent with innocent travel\u201d such that it does not give rise to reasonable suspicion.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>Trooper Miller may be a great officer with a keen mind. Even the court expresses some admiration for him. But being good at the job also means following the rules. He didn\u2019t do that here. And that just cost him his drug case.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p><em>Trooper Miller is an accomplished police officer with 19 years of total law-enforcement experience, 15 years of drug interdiction assignments, and tens of thousands of vehicle stops. Contreras rightly concedes that this trooper\u2019s hunch is well tuned. And Trooper Miller was inarguably correct; someone in that truck was trafficking a large quantity of cocaine. But without more, a hunch\u2014however well-tuned and correct it may ultimately turn out to be\u2014is not sufficient under the Fourth Amendment to prolong a vehicle stop to investigate criminal activity<\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>If you want to keep your wins, you have to play fair. What you can\u2019t do is treat the Fourth Amendment as something only available to people you don\u2019t suspect (correctly or incorrectly) of wrongdoing, no matter how long and internally contradictory your \u201creasonable suspicion\u201d checklist is.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" data-lazy=\"true\" data-src=\"https:\/\/embed.documentcloud.org\/documents\/23552058-suspicious-wtf\/?embed=1&amp;responsive=0&amp;title=1&amp;text=0\" title=\"suspicious wtf (Hosted by DocumentCloud)\" width=\"550\" height=\"550\" style=\"border: 1px solid #aaa\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-forms allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p class=\"filed\">\nFiled Under: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.techdirt.com\/tag\/4th-amendment\/\" rel=\"tag\">4th amendment<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.techdirt.com\/tag\/joseph-miller\/\" rel=\"tag\">joseph miller<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.techdirt.com\/tag\/michael-contreras\/\" rel=\"tag\">michael contreras<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.techdirt.com\/tag\/pretextual-stops\/\" rel=\"tag\">pretextual stops<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.techdirt.com\/tag\/suspicion\/\" rel=\"tag\">suspicion<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.techdirt.com\/tag\/warrants\/\" rel=\"tag\">warrants<\/a><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<iframe data-lazy=\"true\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.fiverr.com\/gig_widgets?id=U2FsdGVkX18x7XQvttUTrv1oEqmGNGTgvvCUiUoJ\/AP4z\/UyMz8lXGOLpu15jIMxBbTR0gmD5uBoFvhC4KWeALQRp3h\/X\/AwcVD0K8Wj9H\/ZzYKzcCNHosB9oS4SCJJFWiN85P9ICAc4OgCoE\/wHKIY7CDkf2\/DQ1vqGvk4smVe5cRDEmrLPCWi4FC8p40VUhSmWQ5udCm0zoJtorgWv3vbDQw0kKYkwn39ozAnQXDe+YvWMxkLFWA+O3TFwkJvdkIK+\/AUSnRssPKt5WHY0FhNOxnSPcLslEL4G4\/RfP95ve99U+kRnDy3X+KtzdQLY+u935ghON\/o3UE4IMv9oN6JX9RnxzL\/LRcOgnHigxStSGPKsZYtnz8RWNVT\/rOLAibqiWJadC5MYHRbekF3eg6FOGrQGkXYbsn0+a5aovnlLCbLwIqY9fcS17UX8J235iQ6cdmHNbrPeS84CMm34RA==&affiliate_id=1052423&strip_google_tagmanager=true\" loading=\"lazy\" data-with-title=\"true\" class=\"fiverr_nga_frame\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"350\" width=\"100%\" referrerpolicy=\"no-referrer-when-downgrade\" data-mode=\"random_gigs\" onload=\" var frame = this; var script = document.createElement('script'); script.addEventListener('load', function() { window.FW_SDK.register(frame); }); script.setAttribute('src', 'https:\/\/www.fiverr.com\/gig_widgets\/sdk'); document.body.appendChild(script); \" ><\/iframe>\n<br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/www.techdirt.com\/2023\/01\/03\/successful-evidence-suppression-motion-shows-cops-think-pretty-much-everything-is-suspicious\/\">Source link <\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>from the being-human-is-reasonably-suspicious dept Law enforcement officers really enjoy performing warrantless searches. To get to that point, however, they need to be in certain places&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":18245,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-27503","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tech-universe"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Successful Evidence Suppression Motion Shows Cops Think Pretty Much Everything Is \u2018Suspicious\u2019 - mailinvest.blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Technology is forever changing, and there are always new pieces of technology to replace obsolete ones. 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